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Clinical Evidence

Key studies supporting Cellaro’s formulations.

VITALIZE

NAD⁺ sits at the center of the cellular energy and repair network. As we age, production slows, enzymatic breakdown increases, and the efficiency of supporting pathways declines. Addressing only one step is rarely enough. VITALIZE was formulated to support the NAD⁺ system at multiple biological levels, from replenishment to preservation to signaling, in alignment with circadian biology.

What to know

Build the reserve
Clinical studies show oral NMN can raise circulating NAD⁺ within weeks, supporting cellular energy and physical function.

Preserve what you build
Age-related enzymes such as CD38 accelerate NAD⁺ breakdown. Targeted polyphenols help limit excess drain and protect NAD⁺ availability.

Recycle efficiently
Healthy methylation supports NAD⁺ turnover. TMG helps maintain this recycling process for more stable long-term support.

Direct the energy
Resveratrol, pterostilbene, and apigenin support key longevity pathways such as SIRT1 and AMPK, helping translate NAD⁺ availability into functional cellular outcomes.

Align with biology
Morning use matches natural NAD⁺ production rhythms, supporting consistent daily replenishment.

VITALIZE delivers once-daily AM support for the NAD⁺ network, designed for consistent, measurable replenishment.

Research & references

NAD⁺ levels decline with age, affecting mitochondrial energy production, DNA repair, and sirtuin signaling. At the same time, NAD⁺ follows a natural circadian rhythm, with production highest during the daytime. Supporting NAD⁺ in alignment with this rhythm helps reinforce its role in daily cellular energy and repair processes.

Study topic Summary of finding Reference
NAD⁺ decline with age NAD⁺ falls with age, impairing mitochondrial function and sirtuin activity. Sinclair et al., Cell, 2013
Circadian NAD⁺ rhythm NAD⁺/NAMPT oscillate with the clock; daytime is the natural “on” window. Peek et al., Science, 2013

Rebuilding NAD⁺ starts with supplying a direct precursor. Clinical trials show oral NMN increases circulating NAD⁺ levels within weeks, with good tolerability. Daily use supports steady replenishment of the cellular NAD⁺ pool.

Reliability matters: verified identity and purity, real-world stability, and human tolerability in randomized trials.

Study topic Summary of finding Reference
CD38 drives NAD⁺ loss with age Age-related upregulation of CD38 is a major NAD⁺ hydrolase driving NAD⁺ decline and mitochondrial dysfunction; inhibiting or deleting CD38 preserves NAD⁺. Camacho-Pereira et al., Nat Med, 2016
Oral NMN raises NAD⁺ (human) NMN supplementation elevated circulating NAD⁺ within weeks; well tolerated. Irie et al., Endocr J, 2020
NMN raises NAD⁺ biomarkers (human) Oral NMN supplementation increased circulating NAD⁺-related metabolites and improved metabolic markers in healthy adults, with good tolerability. Niu et al., Front Nutr, 2021
Physical function & fatigue ~250 mg/day NMN for 12 weeks improved lower-limb function and reduced drowsiness in older adults. Liao et al., Nutrients, 2022
Strength & walking distance (multicenter RCT) In healthy middle-aged adults, 60 days of NMN (300–900 mg/day) increased 6-minute walk distance in a dose-dependent manner with acceptable safety; some strength measures improved in sub-analyses. Yi et al., GeroScience, 2023
How NMN gets in SLC12A8 was identified as an NMN transporter, supporting direct uptake in the small intestine and providing an oral bioavailability rationale. Grozio et al., Nat Metab, 2019

Building NAD⁺ is only part of the equation. With age, CD38 activity increases and accelerates NAD⁺ breakdown. Limiting this excess drain helps protect the NAD⁺ reserve you create and supports mitochondrial efficiency over time.

Study topic Summary of finding Reference
CD38 drives NAD⁺ loss with age Age-related CD38 upregulation is a major NAD⁺ hydrolase driving NAD⁺ decline and mitochondrial dysfunction; inhibiting or knocking out CD38 preserves NAD⁺. Camacho-Pereira et al., Cell Metabolism , 2016
Apigenin, SASP & CD38 Flavone apigenin inhibits CD38 and raises intracellular NAD⁺. In disease models it lowers CD38, increases NAD⁺/SIRT3 activity, and reduces inflammatory signaling related to SASP pathways. Escande et al., Diabetes, 2013

As NAD⁺ is used, it generates nicotinamide that must be recycled through the salvage pathway. Efficient methylation supports this recycling process. TMG provides methyl donors that help maintain clean NAD⁺ turnover and support long term pathway balance.

Study topic Summary of finding Reference
TMG lowers homocysteine Betaine (TMG) provides methyl donors and lowers plasma homocysteine in humans. Dose-dependent reductions observed across randomized controlled trials. Steenge et al., Am J Clin Nutr, 2001
Olthof et al., Am J Clin Nutr, 2005
Methylation & NAD⁺ salvage
(why methyl capacity matters)
The NNMT pathway consumes methyl groups to clear nicotinamide. Methylation status directly interacts with NAD⁺ salvage and cellular NAD⁺ balance. Supporting methylation helps efficient recycling of nicotinamide back into NAD⁺. Williams et al., 2012
Bhasin et al., 2023
Liver/metabolic support (TMG) In NAFLD/NASH patients, betaine supplementation improved liver steatosis grade and key biomarkers of liver health in clinical studies. Abdelmalek et al., Hepatology, 2009

NAD⁺ fuels the system, but signaling determines the outcome. Polyphenols such as resveratrol, pterostilbene, and apigenin support sirtuin and AMPK pathways, helping translate NAD⁺ availability into functional cellular effects.

Study topic Summary of finding Reference
Sirtuins are NAD⁺-dependent Sirtuins are NAD⁺-dependent deacetylases that couple cellular NAD⁺ status to stress-response and metabolic maintenance programs. Sauve et al., Biochemistry, 2012
SIRT1 → mitochondria & metabolism Resveratrol engages SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathways and improves metabolic and mitochondrial function. Price et al., Cell Metabolism, 2012
Pterostilbene neuro-/mitochondrial benefits Pterostilbene shows greater potency than resveratrol in cognitive and aging models, including mitochondrial outcomes. Chang et al., Neurobiology of Aging, 2012
Resveratrol → SIRT1/PGC-1α & mitochondrial programs (preclinical) In high-fat-fed mice, resveratrol activated SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling, improved insulin sensitivity and mitochondrial function, reduced hepatic steatosis, and increased survival versus controls. Baur et al., Nature, 2006
Piperine boosts polyphenol exposure Piperine inhibits glucuronidation and enhances the bioavailability of polyphenols such as resveratrol and curcumin. Shoba et al., Planta Medica, 1998

Effective NAD⁺ support depends on quality and stability. Ingredient identity, purity, and real-world tolerability matter. VITALIZE uses clinically studied forms at meaningful doses, designed for consistency and long-term use.

Study topic Summary of finding Reference
Human tolerability (NMN) NMN is well tolerated at ~250–600 mg/day across multiple randomized controlled trials. Irie et al., Endocr J, 2020
Liao et al., GeroScience, 2022
Yi et al., GeroScience, 2022/23
Uthever® NMN identity & purity ≥99% β-NMN with validated identity, batch COAs, and independent third-party purity verification. Huang, 2022 (Frontiers in Aging)
24-month stability (solid form) Demonstrated solid-form stability over 24 months — the labeled dose remains accurate throughout the shelf life. Uthever® stability data. Available on request
Human tolerability (summary) Broad clinical evidence shows NMN is well tolerated in long-term human use across ~250–600 mg/day dosing. Irie 2020 (Endocrine Journal) ; Niu 2021 (Frontiers in Nutrition) ; Liao 2021 (Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition)

RENEW

Autophagy is the cell’s overnight clean-up system and becomes less efficient with age. Supporting this process during sleep helps maintain mitochondrial quality and balanced inflammatory signaling.

What to know

• Spermidine activates autophagy, the cell’s built-in renewal system that helps maintain mitochondrial quality and cellular resilience. Human trials associate higher intake with markers of healthy aging and functional outcomes in older adults.

• Curcumin (Longvida®) and EGCG help regulate inflammatory pathways and support mitophagy and cellular repair processes that protect mitochondrial function.

• Evening use aligns with natural circadian repair programs that are most active during sleep.

RENEW delivers once-daily PM support for overnight cellular clean-up, mitochondrial upkeep, and next-day recovery.

Research & references

Autophagy is the core cellular renewal pathway that runs primarily during sleep. It clears damaged proteins and mitochondria, supports energy efficiency, and helps maintain balanced inflammatory signaling. Age-related decline in autophagy is linked to reduced resilience and healthspan.

Study Topic Summary of Findings Reference
Autophagy & longevity Autophagy — the cell’s internal clean-up and recycling system — is essential for maintaining cellular and tissue stability. Declines in autophagy with age contribute to increased risk of age-related diseases. Levine & Kroemer, Cell, 2019
Aman et al., 2021
Autophagy declines with age (human relevance) Autophagic activity decreases with aging and contributes to the accumulation of cellular damage, impaired tissue function, and increased risk of age-related diseases. Rubinsztein et al., Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 2011
Nobel recognition Discovery of the molecular machinery governing autophagy explains why “cell recycling” is a fundamental repair and longevity pathway, earning the 2016 Nobel Prize for Ohsumi. Tooze & Dikic, Cell, 2016

Spermidine activates autophagy, the cell’s internal renewal program. Experimental models show lifespan extension requires autophagy activation, and human data link higher intake to markers of healthy aging and preserved function.

Study topic Summary of Findings Reference
Triggers autophagy; lifespan in models Spermidine activates autophagy (“cell clean-up”) and extends lifespan in yeast, flies, and worms. When autophagy is blocked, benefits disappear — showing autophagy is required for the effect. Eisenberg et al., 2009
Autophagy activation & longevity (preclinical) Spermidine induces autophagy and extends lifespan across multiple model organisms. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of autophagy abolishes the longevity effect, demonstrating autophagy as the required mechanism. Eisenberg et al., Nat Med, 2016
Memory in older adults (pilot RCT, SCD) In older adults with subjective cognitive decline, a small pilot RCT found improvements on select memory measures compared with placebo. Wirth et al., 2018
Memory in older adults (larger/longer RCTs; mixed outcomes) Larger and longer RCTs found no significant improvement on the primary memory outcome. Spermidine was well tolerated. Some exploratory signals (e.g., verbal memory, inflammation markers) require confirmation at higher doses. JAMA Netw Open, 2022
Schwarz et al., 2022
Dose & safety (human) Across human trials, oral spermidine is generally well tolerated at common supplemental doses. Mild GI symptoms are the most typical side effects. Safety results in larger RCTs were comparable to placebo. Schwarz et al., 2018 (tolerability study)
SmartAge RCT (safety), 2022
Circadian rhythm support Polyamine levels (including spermidine) decline with age. Restoring them in animal models helped rejuvenate and stabilize circadian timing. Zwighaft et al., Cell, 2015
Higher intake ↔ lower mortality (cohort studies) Observational population studies link higher dietary spermidine intake with lower mortality over long-term follow-up. These studies are correlational and do not prove causation. Kiechl et al., 2018

Curcumin is a well-studied polyphenol that modulates inflammatory and cellular repair pathways. Longvida® technology enhances systemic exposure, enabling meaningful biological activity at clinically relevant doses.

Study Topic Summary of Findings Reference
Calms inflammatory signals (mechanism & human context) Curcumin down-regulates key inflammatory pathways including NF-κB, TNF-α, and COX-2. Human studies reviewed show reductions in inflammatory markers in various conditions. Hewlings & Kalman, Foods, 2017 (review)
Exercise recovery (human; Longvida®) In active adults, Longvida® curcumin reduced post-exercise inflammation and muscle-damage biomarkers over a 4-day recovery period. McFarlin et al., 2016 (PubMed)
Free full text
Night-window suitability (PK; Longvida®) SLCP/Longvida® technology provides sustained plasma levels of free curcumin with good tolerability, supporting its use for overnight “coverage.” Gota et al., 2010
Curcumin & autophagy (mechanistic/translation) Curcumin can promote autophagy by modulating AMPK/mTOR signaling across cellular and translational models, according to mechanistic reviews. Nasery et al., Molecules, 2020 (review)

EGCG activates AMPK-linked signaling pathways that help coordinate cellular repair and energy balance. Clinical research associates green tea catechins with improvements in inflammatory and metabolic markers.

Study Topic Summary of Findings Reference
Inflammation balance (human evidence) A 2024 meta-analysis of randomized trials found that green tea supplementation reduced circulating TNF-α. Effects on other inflammatory cytokines were mixed and influenced by study duration. Meta-analysis, 2024
Promotes autophagy (mechanism → pathway) EGCG induces autophagy and autophagolysosome formation through CaMKKβ → AMPK signaling. It shifts AMPK/mTOR balance under ER-stress conditions. Kim et al., 2013
Holczer et al., 2018
Mitochondrial / mitophagy support Reviews highlight EGCG as a mitophagy-promoting polyphenol that helps clear damaged mitochondria and reduce oxidative stress burden. Srivastava et al., 2023 (review)
Cardiometabolic markers (human) A systematic review and meta-analysis found that green tea supplementation improved lipid markers and glycemic control in adults. Zamani et al., 2023

Astaxanthin is a membrane-targeting antioxidant that helps protect cells from oxidative stress. Human studies suggest it can support healthier inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, making it a useful complement to nightly repair and recovery routines.

Study Topic Summary of Findings Reference
Antioxidant & inflammation (human RCTs/meta) A 2022 meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found that astaxanthin modestly reduces oxidative-stress and inflammation biomarkers in humans, such as MDA and CRP. Ma et al., Nutrition Research, 2022
Immune balance & oxidative stress (human RCT) A randomized, placebo-controlled trial in healthy young women showed astaxanthin reduced biomarkers of DNA damage and acute-phase inflammation, while enhancing aspects of immune function. Park et al., 2010 (PubMed)

RESET

With age, senescent cells accumulate and release inflammatory signals that disrupt tissue function. Intermittent senolytic strategies are designed to selectively target these aged cells.

What to know

  • Pulsed senolytic protocols studied in preclinical models and early human pilots reduce senescent-cell signals and show functional improvements.
  • Fisetin and quercetin are the most studied dietary senolytics in aging research. Luteolin supports inflammatory pathway balance, and piperine enhances absorption.
  • A monthly 2-day pulse reflects the “hit-and-run” model studied in senolytic research while avoiding continuous daily dosing.

RESET delivers a structured 2-day-per-month senolytic pulse designed to reduce senescence signaling and support long-term tissue resilience.

Research & references

Senescent cells accumulate with age and contribute to chronic inflammatory signaling and tissue decline. Intermittent senolytic strategies are designed to selectively target these aged cells while allowing normal cells to remain unaffected.

Study Topic Summary of Findings Reference
SASP (senescence-associated secretory phenotype) & inflammation Senescent cells secrete inflammatory SASP factors that drive chronic, systemic inflammation. Reducing senescent cell burden in models (e.g., fisetin or quercetin-based senolytics) dampens SASP signaling and improves tissue environment. Childs et al., Aging Cell, 2015
Senolytics & intermittent dosing for healthy aging Short, intermittent high-dose senolytic protocols selectively clear senescent cells while sparing healthy tissue in preclinical models. Research shows improved tissue function and reduced inflammation, forming the rationale for non-daily senolytic schedules. Kirkland et al., J Intern Med, 2020
Senolytic targeting of senescent cells Transcriptomic analysis identified pro-survival pathways upregulated in senescent cells. Targeting these vulnerabilities with small molecules selectively induced apoptosis in senescent cells, establishing the basis for senolytic drug development. Zhu et al., Aging Cell, 2015

Early human studies using intermittent senolytic combinations suggest that short, pulsed dosing can lower certain senescence-associated markers and is generally well tolerated. While still emerging, this evidence supports non-daily, structured pulse approaches. RESET applies this model using dietary flavonoids in a defined monthly two-day protocol.

Study Topic Summary of Findings Reference
D+Q in lung fibrosis (pilot, open-label) Short, intermittent (“hit-and-run”) D+Q dosing was feasible in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Participants showed improvements in walk and chair-stand performance and reductions in senescence markers. Justice et al., EBioMedicine, 2019
D+Q in diabetic kidney disease (human adipose biopsy) Intermittent D+Q reduced senescent-cell markers in adipose tissue and lowered SASP inflammatory signals in adults with diabetic kidney disease. Hickson et al., EBioMedicine, 2019 (Full text)
PubMed link
D+Q randomized IPF pilot
(feasibility & tolerability)
Single-center, placebo-controlled pilot trial showed intermittent D+Q was feasible and generally well tolerated in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, groundwork for larger efficacy trials. Nambiar/Kellogg/Justice et al., EBioMedicine, 2023 (PubMed)
Journal full text
Fisetin in humans
(registered RCTs, ongoing)
Several ongoing clinical trials are evaluating intermittent fisetin in older adults (frailty) and in knee osteoarthritis. Results are pending. AFFIRM Frailty Trial
Fisetin in Knee Osteoarthritis
Quercetin Phytosome® (Quercefit®) bioavailability (human) Phytosome quercetin showed ~10–20× higher systemic exposure than standard quercetin and improved antioxidant biomarkers, supporting its use in pulsed senolytic protocols. Di Pierro et al., Minerva Med, 2019

In preclinical studies, intermittent fisetin reduced senescence-associated markers and improved measures of tissue function in aged animals. These findings have made fisetin one of the most studied dietary flavonoids in senescence research. While this evidence comes from laboratory and animal models, it provides the scientific basis for ongoing human investigations.

Study Topic Summary of Findings Reference
Lowers senescent cell burden; extends healthspan (mice) High-dose, intermittent fisetin reduced senescent-cell burden across multiple tissues in aged mice and improved several healthspan and lifespan metrics. Supports senolytic potential and pulsed-dosing rationale. Yousefzadeh et al., EBioMedicine, 2018 (Full text)
Anti-inflammatory / antioxidant signaling Preclinical evidence shows fisetin increases glutathione, reduces inflammatory cytokines, and provides metabolic and neuroprotective benefits. Mechanistic signals align with its senolytic activity. Khan et al., 2013 – Fisetin: A Dietary Antioxidant for Health Promotion

Quercetin is a plant-derived flavonoid that played a foundational role in early senolytic discovery research, including the identification of dasatinib + quercetin (D+Q) as a senolytic combination. In humans, quercetin has been studied for its anti-inflammatory and metabolic effects, and in enhanced-bioavailability forms (such as phytosome technology) it achieves substantially higher systemic exposure. Together, this body of research supports quercetin’s relevance in intermittent, pulse-based protocols.

Study Topic Summary of Findings Reference
Quercetin is a senolytic (discovery paper) Foundational work identified dasatinib + quercetin (D+Q) as a senolytic combination. Quercetin alone selectively cleared certain senescent cell types (e.g., endothelial). D+Q reduced senescent burden in vivo and produced rapid functional improvements in aged mice. Zhu et al., Aging Cell, 2015
Quercetin in human “D+Q” pilots
(supports intermittent dosing)
Short, pulsed D+Q courses in early human studies were feasible, well tolerated, and showed reductions in senescence markers along with small functional improvements. These findings support further investigation of intermittent senolytic dosing approaches. Justice et al., EBioMedicine, 2019
Hickson et al., EBioMedicine, 2019
Quercefit® bioavailability (human) A randomized crossover pharmacokinetic study found that Quercetin Phytosome® improved oral absorption versus unformulated quercetin, achieving substantially higher plasma exposure (AUC/Cmax) in healthy adults. Riva et al., Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet, 2019
Quercetin: clinical effects
(supportive human data)
Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials suggest quercetin supplementation can reduce C-reactive protein (CRP) and improve lipid profiles in certain populations. These are not senolytic outcomes, but support quercetin’s broader anti-inflammatory and cardiometabolic effects. Rojano-Ortega et al., Nutrients, 2023
Sahebkar et al., Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 2017

Luteolin is a plant-derived flavonoid that modulates key inflammatory signaling pathways involved in the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). In preclinical models, it reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines and supports cellular resilience, complementing senolytic-focused ingredients.

Study Topic Summary of Findings Reference
Senescence / inflammation pathways (preclinical) In laboratory and animal research, luteolin helped calm inflammatory signals linked to the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). It reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines and supported cellular resilience in experimental models. Luo et al., Front Aging Neuroscience, 2017
SASP / inflammation pathways (overview) Reviews highlight luteolin’s modulation of NF-κB, TNF-α, and broader anti-inflammatory mechanisms that intersect with cellular senescence and SASP biology. Ntalouka et al., Front Pain Res, 2023 (review)

Piperine, a compound from black pepper, helps the body absorb certain plant compounds more effectively. Human studies show it can significantly increase blood levels of polyphenols, making it useful in short, pulse-based formulas.

Study Topic Summary of Findings Reference
Piperine enhances curcumin exposure (human PK) Co-administration with piperine increased oral curcumin bioavailability by ~2000% in humans, demonstrating strong inhibition of metabolic clearance. Shoba et al., Planta Med, 1998

With age, senescent cells accumulate in human skin. These cells release inflammatory signals (known as the SASP) that are associated with collagen breakdown, impaired repair, and changes in the dermal matrix.

Study Topic Summary of Findings Reference
Human skin shows more senescent cells with age Human skin biopsies show higher levels of p16INK4a-positive cells (a core senescence marker) in aged skin compared with young skin. Waaijer et al., Aging Cell, 2012/2015 analysis
SASP → collagen & ECM degradation Senescent fibroblasts secrete SASP factors—including MMPs and inflammatory cytokines—that degrade collagen and weaken the extracellular matrix, accelerating dermal aging. Pilkington et al., J Invest Dermatol, 2021
Causality: fewer senescent dermal fibroblasts → better skin (models) Selective removal of senescent dermal fibroblasts in human-skin and mouse-chimera models improved skin aging markers, supporting a causal role for senescent cells in visible aging. Lämmermann et al., NPJ Aging Mech Dis, 2018
Aging-US (human-skin/mouse chimera)
Dermal fibroblast senescence drives skin aging Reviews show senescent dermal fibroblasts accumulate with age and contribute to visible skin aging through SASP-mediated matrix breakdown, impaired repair, and chronic inflammation. Wlaschek & Scharffetter-Kochanek, J Invest Dermatol, 2021
Big-picture syntheses (context) Broad reviews conclude senescent cells accumulate in aging skin, disrupt homeostasis and repair, and are emerging as a therapeutic target for skin rejuvenation and barrier restoration. Chin et al., Front Physiol, 2023
Zhang et al., J Clin Invest, 2022

BOOST

Skin aging begins at the cellular level. Over time, oxidative stress rises, collagen-producing fibroblasts slow down, and senescent cells accumulate in the dermis. These aged cells release inflammatory signals that disrupt collagen structure and impair repair.

BOOST is a longevity-informed skin formula designed to support dermal cells, extracellular structure, and antioxidant defense from within.

What to know

Cellular senescence & structure: With age, senescent fibroblasts alter collagen turnover. BOOST includes clinically studied compounds that support cellular resilience and matrix integrity.

Collagen & elasticity support: Polyphenols, vitamin C, and membrane-derived peptides support collagen synthesis and elastic fiber structure at the cellular level.

Oxidative balance: Astaxanthin and plant antioxidants help stabilize membranes and reduce oxidative stress that accelerates dermal aging.

Hydration & matrix integrity: Hyaluronic acid and glycosaminoglycan-rich fractions support moisture retention and dermal structure.

Research & references

Chronic oxidative stress activates collagen-degrading enzymes (MMPs) and impairs fibroblast function, accelerating dermal matrix breakdown and contributing to wrinkles and loss of firmness. Managing cellular oxidative balance is foundational to preserving dermal structure.

Study Topic Summary of Findings Reference
UV-induced photoaging & MMP activation Ultraviolet exposure increases reactive oxygen species (ROS), activating AP-1 signaling and upregulating matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). These collagen-degrading enzymes fragment dermal collagen and impair fibroblast function, establishing the molecular basis of photoaging and wrinkle formation. Fisher et al., J Invest Dermatol
ROS, AP-1 signaling & collagen breakdown (review) Reviews detail how oxidative stress activates AP-1–mediated transcription of MMPs, suppresses procollagen synthesis, and drives extracellular matrix degradation in aging and photoaged skin. Rittié & Fisher, J Invest Dermatol (review)
Eggshell membrane peptides (ESM) — RCT Daily ESM supplementation (300–450 mg) improved skin elasticity, hydration, and crow’s-feet appearance within 4–12 weeks in a randomized controlled trial. Kalman et al., J Cosmet Dermatol, 2020
Eggshell membrane — mechanistic review Review data summarize collagen-, elastin-, and glycosaminoglycan-supporting properties of eggshell membrane, reinforcing its role in dermal matrix biology. 2022 review — Clinical Interventions in Aging
Vitamin C (systemic role in collagen stability) Vitamin C is an essential co-factor for collagen hydroxylation and supports antioxidant defense, helping maintain collagen structure and dermal integrity. Pullar et al., Nutrients, 2017

SkinAx²™ combines grape polyphenols, melon SOD, zinc, and vitamin C to regulate oxidative signaling at the cellular level. Human data show improvements in elasticity, firmness, and radiance, supported by enhanced collagen synthesis and reduced collagen breakdown.

Study Topic Summary of Findings Reference
UV-induced photoaging & MMP activation Ultraviolet exposure increases reactive oxygen species (ROS), activating AP-1 signaling and upregulating matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). These collagen-degrading enzymes fragment dermal collagen and impair fibroblast function, establishing the molecular basis of photoaging. Fisher et al., J Invest Dermatol
ROS, AP-1 signaling & collagen breakdown (review) Reviews detail how oxidative stress activates AP-1–mediated transcription of MMPs, suppresses procollagen synthesis, and drives extracellular matrix degradation in aging and photoaged skin. Rittié & Fisher, J Invest Dermatol (review)
8-week randomized clinical trial (women) Daily oral polyphenol supplementation improved skin elasticity, hydration, and texture over 8 weeks in adult women, supporting systemic antioxidant signaling in dermal structure. PMID 27799805 — randomized clinical trial
Collagen protection (collagenase inhibition; ex vivo) Grape flavanol monomers demonstrated significant inhibition of collagenase activity, supporting protection against collagen fiber degradation and extracellular matrix breakdown. Activ’Inside CTS-0094 technical dossier
Synergy with collagen peptides SkinAx²™ acts as a collagen stabilizer while collagen peptides stimulate new collagen synthesis, supporting a complementary “protect + rebuild” dermal strategy in skin elasticity. Activ’Inside CTS-0094 technical dossier

Eggshell membrane provides naturally occurring collagen, elastin, hyaluronic acid, and glycosaminoglycans that support extracellular matrix structure. Human clinical data show improvements in skin elasticity, hydration, and dermal thickness, reflecting support for structural integrity at the dermal level.

Study Topic Summary of Findings Reference
12-week randomized controlled trial (ESM; 300–450 mg/day) Daily eggshell membrane supplementation improved skin elasticity and hydration, with reported improvements in dermal thickness over 12 weeks compared with placebo. Kalman et al. — J Cosmet Dermatol, 2020 (DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13275)
Mechanistic / clinical review (eggshell membrane bioactives for skin) Review evidence summarizes eggshell membrane’s collagen/elastin/GAG components and proposed mechanisms relevant to skin structure and hydration outcomes. Review article (DOI: 10.1007/s13273-022-00291-5)

Healthy skin depends on both internal hydration and an intact lipid barrier. Hyaluronic acid supports water retention within the dermal matrix, while ceramides reinforce the skin barrier, reducing transepidermal water loss. Together they support elasticity, smoothness, and visible skin resilience.

Study Topic Summary of Findings Reference
12-week randomized controlled trial (≥120 mg/day) Daily oral hyaluronic acid (≥120 mg) significantly improved skin hydration and elasticity compared with placebo in adults with dry skin over a 12-week period. Oe et al., 2017, Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol — DOI: 10.2147/CCID.S141845
Hyaluronic acid systemic exposure & skin outcomes Oral hyaluronic acid was detected in systemic circulation following supplementation, with associated improvements in skin hydration and elasticity measures, supporting dermal water retention roles from within. DOI: 10.1111/srt.13531 — Skin Res Technol
12-week RCT — oral ceramide supplementation Daily oral milk ceramide (600 mg/day) significantly improved skin hydration and elasticity, reduced transepidermal water loss, and attenuated eye-area wrinkles compared with placebo over 12 weeks in adult women. Ahn et al., J Funct Foods, 2024 — DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2024.106008

Astaxanthin localizes within cellular membranes, helping stabilize lipid structures and reduce oxidative stress associated with UV exposure and environmental damage. Human trials report improvements in elasticity, moisture, and wrinkle parameters.

Study Topic Summary of Findings Reference
6 mg/day oral astaxanthin — randomized clinical study (6 weeks) Daily astaxanthin (6 mg/day) improved skin elasticity, moisture, and crow’s-feet appearance over a 6-week period compared with placebo in adult women. Tominaga et al., J Clin Biochem Nutr, 2017 — DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.17-35
Randomized controlled trial (oral astaxanthin) Oral astaxanthin supplementation significantly improved wrinkle depth, skin elasticity, moisture content, and overall texture compared with placebo in adult participants, supporting its role in reducing visible signs of photoaging. Ito et al., 2018, Nutrients — DOI: 10.3390/nu10070817
Photoaging mechanism & antioxidant signaling (review) Astaxanthin derived from Haematococcus pluvialis mitigates skin photoaging through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, supporting protection against UV-induced oxidative damage and matrix degradation. Nutrients, 2021 — DOI: 10.3390/nu13092917
Systematic review & meta-analysis A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found that oral astaxanthin supplementation significantly improved skin moisture and elasticity compared with placebo, supporting consistent findings across multiple human studies. Zhou et al., Nutrients, 2021 — DOI: 10.3390/nu13092917

Vitamin C is required for collagen formation and structural stability. It activates key enzymes that allow collagen fibers to mature and strengthen. It also contributes to antioxidant defense in skin cells, and higher intake is associated with improved measures of skin aging in human studies.

Study Topic Summary of Findings Reference
Collagen synthesis & hydroxylation (review) Vitamin C is required for pro-collagen hydroxylation and structural stabilization of collagen fibers. Deficiency impairs dermal integrity, collagen formation, and wound repair capacity. Pullar et al., 2017, Nutrients — DOI: 10.3390/nu9080866
Dietary vitamin C intake & skin aging (cohort study) Higher dietary vitamin C intake was associated with fewer wrinkles and reduced skin dryness in a large U.S. population cohort, suggesting a protective role against visible photoaging. Cosgrove et al., 2007, Am J Clin Nutr — DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/86.4.1225